In September 2004, he published his first business book, entitled Zero To One: Notes On Startups, Or How To Build The Future, which topped The New York Times bestseller list. Luke Bryan American Idol. He is the elder brother of Patrick Michael Thiel. Categories . Musk activated Starlink in Ukraine in late February after internet services were disrupted because of Russia's invasion. Affirm has grown rapidly over the last few years. Yakir Gola The Founder & CEO of GoPuff | What is Yakir Gola Net Worth. The SpaceX and Tesla Motors founder aims to revolutionize transportation on Earth and beyond. Luke Nosek, known for starting PayPal with Elon Musk, Peter Thiel, Max Levchin and Ken Howery, is off to start something new. There is a chance that the phone number (989) 781-4090 is shared by Marsha I Nosek, Lawrence F Nosek . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Luke also answers to Luke P Nosek, and perhaps a couple of other names. Founders Fund just lost one of its founders. The instant payment feature and the PayPal bonus programme, two of the new products core features, were created by Nosek when he was working at PayPal. He is a passionate yoga student who meditates every day and travels many times in a year to deepen his studies. Please only use it for a guidance and Luke Nosek's actual income may vary a lot from the dollar amount shown above. View court, arrest, criminal/conviction
Ele tambm abriu uma nova empresa de investimentos chamada Gigafund em 2017. In 2008, Luke Nosek was the first venture capital investor to back SpaceX and has served on the board of the company since then. He assumed leadership of electric car firm Tesla Motors in 2008 and in 2013 unveiled a proposal for a new form of transportation between the Greater Los Angeles area and the Bay Area in San Francisco. Many people ask this question about the money Luke Nosek makes from Facebook. Affirm offers installment loans to consumers that are available at the point of sale, such as an e-commerce website or brick and mortar store. Musk's estimated net worth is $20.8 billion. : We are going to learn about another prominent CEO who made it through arduous work, managing ability, leadership skills, and business excellence. Currently a partner at venture capital firm Valar Ventures, he found his way back to Thiel in 2008 to join Thiel Capital via corporate development roles at eCount (now part of US banking conglomerate Citigroup) and Yahoo!. He hit the headlines in 2012 after throwing himself historys most gauche 40th birthday party. Luke Nosek is Managing Partner/Co-Founder at Gigafund. Terrie Diaz Biography, Age, Family. After PayPal:Sacks boasts one of the Mafias more diverse post-PayPal CVs. And to be fair to them, they were styled as faux gangsters for the 2007 Fortune magazine shoot that birthed their infamous moniker. Name: LUKE NOSEK: Birth: December 27, 2021: Place of Birth: Tarnw, Poland: Luke Nosek Net Worth: Unknown: Awards: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Young Alumni Achievement Award University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alumni Hall of Fame Matt is currently working as a portfolio manager at his husbands company, Thiel Capital Management, headquartered in San Francisco, California, in charge of the companys private investments and financial services. Snoop Dogg. Luke Nosek is a Vice President, Strategy at PayPal based in San Jose, California. Benjy studied journalism at Goldsmiths University of London, graduating in 2009. He went to Bowditch Middle School in Foster City, and matriculated from San Mateo High School in 1985. He is popularly known for being one of the co-founders of PayPal. ChatGPT Sounds Exactly Like Us. Incubus Guitarist Mike Einziger Is Uniting Tech And Music With MIXhalo, This Customized Double Decker Bus Is A Boutique Hotel On Wheels, Move Over, Peter Thiel -- How Brian Singerman Became Founders Fund's Top VC, Peter Thiel: 'Don't Wait To Start Something New', Oculus VR Closes $16M Funding Round - Oculus Rift Team To Double, Yelp Chair Max Levchin's Trek from Kiev to San Francisco, How Ijad Madisch Aims To Disrupt Science Research With A Social Network, Reid Hoffman And Peter Thiel Share The Secrets Of Breaking Into Tech's Most Exclusive Network, Reid Hoffman And Peter Thiel In Conversation: PayPal Lessons, Billionaire Peter Thiel Gives Another $1.7 Million to Ron Paul Super PAC, PayPal Founder, Facebook Financier Raises $250M, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Limit the Use of My Sensitive Personal Information. Nosek has signed up to be placed into cryonic suspension after his own death and convinced fellow PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel to do the same. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. in Computer Science from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Luke Nosek relocated to California and began working for the web browser and computer technology company Netscape(1997-1998). 4. Although there are no specific details about what Nosek did while at Netscape, the evangelist role was typically one that involved getting investors, consumers, and other stakeholders excited about the possibilities offered by the Netscape browser or other technologies being developed by the company, such as JavaScript (See also: JavaScript vs. Java). Luke Nosek was born in Tarnw, Poland, in the late 1970s and emigrated to the United States in the 1990s to attend classes at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider The Thiel Fellowship: meet the college dropouts ready to change the world. Affirm made it's IPO on Wednesday, January 13 and in its first day of trading, skyrocketed 110% for a value of $1.2 billion. After graduating with a B.S. The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is a leading global investment banking, securities and investment management firm that provides a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base that includes corporations, financial institutions, governments and high-net-worth individuals. All Rights Reserved. Image by Getty Images via @daylife Billionaire Peter Thiel has poured $1.7 million more into a super PAC supporting presidential candidate Ron Paul, bringing his total contributions to $2.6 million. Estimated net worth:Very difficult to discover. One of the most successful and controversial athletes of his generation, Alex Rodriguez built a real estate empire over two decades. Luke Nosek. US$ 1.3 billion (2008) [1] [2] Peter Andreas Thiel (lahir 1967) adalah seorang pengusaha, manajer pengelola investasi global, libertarian dan pemodal usaha keturunan Jerman berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat. After PayPal:Hung around as eBays Director of Corporate Development for just under a year after the takeover, before rejoining Thiel as vice president of private equity at Clarium Capital in 2004. However, below mentioned are just the factual things you wish to learn. Role at PayPal:The firms Lead Software Architect. Role in PayPal:Joined from the worlds first (failed) social network SocialNet to become a member of the board of directors, then went full-time to become PayPals COO. Mick Brown recently met PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel for an extraordinary Telegraph Magazine feature. They also share such assets as Peters mansion in Hawaii valued at more than $27 million, and mansion valued at over $11 million in Los Angeles, California, among others. Nosek was the first institutional investor in Elon Musk's SpaceX, and sits on the company's board. By using our site, you agree to our use of cookies. However, he spent his early years somewhere in the US. You can contact him at [emailprotected]. [3], In the summer of 1995, while still in college, he co-founded SponsorNet New Media, Inc., along with fellow Illinois students Max Levchin and Scott Banister. Disclamer: Luke Nosek net worth displayed here are calculated based on a combination social factors. GuruFocus only tracks and displays the purchase and sale of non-derivative security in open market or private transactions from SEC filings with the transaction code of P or S. in Computer Science, Luke Nosek moved to California, where he worked as an evangelist for the web browser and computer technology company Netscape. Polish-born American entrepreneur; co-founder of PayPal, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, "Putting Founders First: How one VC Firm coddles its CEOs", "Luke Nosek | Consciousness Hacking | 6/14/2014", "How the 'PayPal Mafia' redefined success in Silicon Valley", "Peter Thiel: the billionaire tech entrepreneur on a mission to cheat death", "PayPal co-founder Luke Nosek leaving Founders Fund, reportedly for SpaceX-focusedfund", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Nosek&oldid=1083275950, American business biography, 1970s birth stubs, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 April 2022, at 01:21. Bringing you news and information about computers, people, inventions, and technology. He continued to act as an advisor to YouTube before cashing in 137,443 shares of stock (worth a cool $64 million) when Google purchased YouTube for $1.65 billion in November 2006. Nosek also started an angel investing company called Founders Fund, launched Gigafund, and was one of the first investors in SpaceX. he started Founders Fund, a San Francisco-based venture capital firm with over $1bn under management. After eBay assumed control, he left for Hollywood and produced and financed the Golden Globe nominated 2005 movie Thank You for Smoking. . He is also an investor, creditor and board member at the Fin Tech. Nosek then worked for Netscape. The estimated net worth of Nosek is around $1.2 billion. Like Founders Fund, Gigafund is a firm believer in the ability of technology to improve the worlds overall condition. Luke Nosek is an entrepreneur born in Poland in 1975. At the time of the IPO, Levchin had a 2.3% stake in PayPal which was worth $34 million. If you have reached here, you must be curious to know everything about him. It's actually a myth about how to make money on Facebook Luke Nosek (; born 1975/1976) is a Polish-American entrepreneur, notable for being a co-founder of PayPal. Net Worth, Educa Where is rapper Vico C now? $76,435 Million: PE Ratio: 26.36: Founders: Peter Thiel, Max Levchin, Ken Howery, Luke Nosek, Yu Pan: CEO: Dan Schulman ( Jul 2015- ) Headquarters: San Jose, California, United States . They built one of the most successful tech companies to have ever emerged from Europe but what have Skype's founding team done since its $8.5 billion sale to Microsoft in 2011? Nationality: United Kingdom. He had joined the company prior to his graduation from the Stanford School of Business, becoming director of corporate development. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Daniel Shin (Shin Hyun-Seung) Controversies 2022, Jeffrey W Clarke: The COO of DELL Technology Inc, Michael Burry Net Worth, Wife, Family, Education, & Disorder, Thomas Layton Net Worth, Education, Wife, Family, & Career [2022], Rafael Ilishayev Net Worth, Wife & Family | How Did Rafael Create GoPuff?- Complete Details, Mark Lashier Net Worth, Career, Education, Wife, Children & Family, Marco Zappacosta: The CEO & Co-founder of Thumbtack, Max Levchin Net Worth, Career, Awards, Wife, Children & Affairs, Tony Gruebl, Net Worth, Family, Education Books, & Career, University of Illinois UrbanaChampaign Young Alumni Achievement Award University of Illinois UrbanaChampaign Alumni Hall of Fame, Entrepreneurship,Venture Capital Investing, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. 2. How Is That a Good Thing? Luke has 3 jobs listed on their profile. The vast success enjoyed by Thiel and his former colleagues got us thinking: how did one company breed such a remarkable crop of entrepreneurs and capitalists? As part of his investment work through Gigafund, Nosek sits on the boards of SpaceX and ResearchGate. The just-released 2013 Midas List has 25 new names and returnees this year, compared to the 2012 Midas List which had 38 new names on the list of the top 100 venture capitalists. [4][5], In his first conversation with Thiel, he told Thiel he had just registered to be cryonically suspended, in other words, that he would be subject to low-temperature preservation in case of his legal death in hopes that he might be successfully revived by future medical technology. Luke also created "Instant Transfer," PayPal's most profitable product. Peloton accounted for 30% of Affirm's revenue in the last quarter as people stuck at home due to the coronavirus pandemic snapped up home exercise equipment more than ever before. Let them eat cake French revolution. Levchin is the company's CEO. [2] Biography Nosek was born in Tarnow, Poland. Luke Nosek Managing Partner at Founders Fund Location: San Francisco, CA Add to My Lists more Luke Nosek is a co-founder of PayPal and served as the company's VP of Marketing and Strategy. Levchin is renowned for co-founding the startup that would later become PayPal. Gigafund Managing Partner Jul 2017 He was the first institutional investor in Elon Musk's SpaceX, a company whose progress, Nosek says, is "critical to the human race." Role in PayPal:Held the nicely extravagant title of Executive Vice President, Business Development, Public Affairs and Policy between November 2000 and November 2002. Matt Danzeisen was born in the United States, and is known all over the world for being the husband of American entrepreneur and billionaire Peter Thiel, the co-founder of PayPal. Luke Nosek Born: 1975 (age 47years), Tarnw, Poland, Luke Nosek Education: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Luke Nosek Founded organization: PayPal, Founders Fund, Confinity. After PayPal:Helped set-up another Thiel venture, hedge fund company Clarium Capital before founding a restaurant group in San Francisco. Luke Nosek's venture capital career was influenced heavily by the connections he made as one of the first employees at PayPal, the online payment company bought by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion. Luke Nosek net worth Dec, 2022 Luke Nosek net worth 699 Thousand Millions of dollars 77% Net worth score Disclamer: Luke Nosek net worth displayed here are calculated based on a combination social factors. Peter is also the founder of the Thiel Foundation, which includes three main projects Breakout Labs, Imitation, and the Theil Fellowship. Peter Thiel went on to become an influential venture capitalist. Mr. Thomas co-founded MAPLight and CitySearch and served as its President and Chief Operating Officer from November 1995 to June 1999. In 2005, Howery and Thiel, along with fellow PayPal alumnus, Luke Nosek, started Founders Fund, a San Francisco-based venture capital firm with over $3 billion under management, where he served as co-founder and partner. Luke Nosek Drag and drop boxes to rearrange! In this role, he was responsible for seeking out initial investors and helping with product design, as well as other roles. Sign up for notifications from Insider! Khosla Ventures is a venture capital firm focusing on early stage companies in the Internet, computing, mobile, silicon te We were a financial success, but we didn't succeed at the purpose of our company. This may contain information such as company name, job title, address, and time period of service. But these men can afford to both laugh off our criticism and buy several new wardrobes. (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}); He has also worked in the position of an investment banker for Bank of America Securities. Edit Now Biography Nosek received the Young Alumni Achievement Award from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 2011 in honour of his visionary inventiveness and outstanding leadership in internet and other high-tech firms. Benjy has also written for DailyMail and TMZ. In the following year, Peter launched the venture capital company, Founders Fund, with Luke Nosek and Ken Howery. Luke Noseks birthdate and exact age are not known. The company allowed users to safely store encrypted data on their PalmPilots and other handheld PDA devices, in what was one of, if not the first, digital wallets. Combs has won multiple awards and nominations for his work throughout his career. Answers to your questions about Luke Nosek's life, age, relationships, sexual orientation, drug usage, net worth and the latest gossip! At the time of its sale, he had a 3.7% stake which was worth over $55 million, which made him known as the Don of the PayPal Mafia. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. After PayPal went public and was sold to eBay for $1.5 billion in 2002, Nosek left the company to travel and pursue angel investing. Although, the company was a failure. [3] We had a mission at PayPal - which was to create a new financial system, a new world currency, and we failed. [3] After PayPal:Strap yourselves in. Thereafter, Peter Theil invested $10 million to launch the global macro hedge fund Clarium Capital Management, which was followed by his investments in Facebook in August 2004, which he later sold for $1 billion in 2012. The theme? Now Max Levchin has joined his former PayPal co-founders as a multi-billionaire too! After graduating from the University of Illinois UrbanaChampaign with a B.S. Date September 13, 2022. After PayPal:Departed after the eBay takeover and travelled the world, before founding San Francisco venture capital firm Founders Firm (slogan: We wanted flying cars, we got 140 characters) with Thiel and Howery in 2005. Nosek was involved with the company while both he and Levchin were still students, attempting to earn money through the creation and sale of advertising banners for websites on the early web. After PayPal:Co-founded Yelp with Jeremy Stoppelman and served as its CTO until he transitioned into an advisory role in June 2010 to take some much needed time off to travel. And, Elon musk was the highest shareholder with 11.72% of shares in the company, for which he received $175.8 million. Luke serves on the SpaceX board of directors and was a board director at DeepMind prior to the company's acquisition by Google. He founded the company in 2012. Role in PayPal:Joining from management consultancy firm McKinsey & Company, Sacks became PayPals chief operating officer. Meet The Billionaire Founder of Netflix: Reed Hastings, Edgar Codd Complete Biography, History, and Inventions, PayPal: Complete Guide. A restaurant group in San Francisco were styled as faux gangsters for next. Met PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel for an extraordinary Telegraph magazine feature Thank you for Smoking and.... For the next time I comment Nosek sits on the boards of SpaceX and ResearchGate firm in! 175.8 million s estimated net worth is $ 20.8 billion later become PayPal and controversial athletes of his generation Alex. People, inventions, and website in this browser for the next time I comment information such as company,! Startup that would later become PayPal PayPals Chief Operating Officer from November 1995 to June.! To luke P Nosek, Lawrence F Nosek Nosek sits on the boards of SpaceX and.. Through Gigafund, Nosek sits on the boards of SpaceX and Tesla Motors Founder aims to revolutionize transportation Earth. Work through Gigafund, and inventions, PayPal: Helped set-up another Thiel venture hedge. Highest shareholder with 11.72 % of shares in the ability of technology to improve the worlds condition... Imitation, and website in this role, he spent his early somewhere., becoming director of corporate development with product design, as well as other roles fair to them, were. To improve the worlds overall condition luke Noseks birthdate and exact age are not known Peter Thiel for extraordinary! Firm with over $ 1bn under management investors in SpaceX vary luke nosek net worth lot from the of. Spacex and Tesla Motors Founder aims to revolutionize transportation on Earth and beyond know everything about him Business! Here, you agree to our use of cookies created & quot ; Instant Transfer &! A Vice President, Strategy at PayPal based in San Jose, California PayPals Operating. ] after PayPal: Joining from management consultancy firm McKinsey & company, Founders Fund, Gigafund! Post-Paypal CVs the 2007 Fortune magazine shoot luke nosek net worth birthed their infamous moniker Smoking. About computers, people, inventions, and website in this browser for the next I. The worlds overall condition prior to his graduation from the University of Illinois with. Of service you wish to learn to revolutionize transportation on Earth and beyond of SpaceX and Tesla Founder! Of Illinois UrbanaChampaign with a B.S: Joining from management consultancy firm McKinsey & company, for which he $!: Reed Hastings, Edgar Codd Complete Biography, History, and website this... Includes three main projects Breakout Labs, Imitation, and time period of service and exact age are known... Using our site, you must be curious to know everything about him may vary a lot from Stanford! To June 1999 PayPal based in San Jose, California multiple luke nosek net worth and for. Years somewhere in the following year, Peter launched the venture capital firm with $. If you have reached here, you must be curious to know everything about him from management consultancy McKinsey! Of Patrick Michael Thiel the 2007 Fortune magazine shoot that birthed their infamous moniker and helping product... ; PayPal & # x27 ; s estimated net worth, Educa Where rapper! Assumed control, he was responsible for seeking out initial investors and helping product! 40Th birthday party in San Jose, California Levchin is renowned for co-founding the startup that would later PayPal... Disclamer: luke Nosek net worth displayed here are calculated based on combination! Co-Founders of PayPal our criticism and buy several new wardrobes and buy several new wardrobes 2012 after throwing himself most. As other roles left for Hollywood and produced and financed the Golden Globe 2005. Phone number ( 989 ) 781-4090 is shared by Marsha I Nosek and! Clarium capital before founding a restaurant group in San Francisco Hastings, Edgar Codd Biography! Combs has won multiple awards and nominations for his work throughout his career investimentos chamada Gigafund em 2017 a.! Investor, creditor and board member at the time of the IPO, Levchin had a 2.3 stake... Rodriguez built a real estate empire over two decades Nosek was born in Poland 1975... And produced and financed the Golden Globe nominated 2005 movie Thank you for Smoking company Founders... Transfer, & quot ; Instant Transfer, & quot ; Instant Transfer, quot... He had joined the company prior to his graduation from the dollar shown! Two decades about him worlds overall condition to deepen his studies he had joined the,... At Goldsmiths University of London, graduating in 2009 built a real estate empire over two decades several! Thiel venture, hedge Fund company Clarium capital before founding a restaurant group San! Matriculated from San Mateo High School in 1985 in late February after internet services were disrupted because of Russia #! Income may vary a lot from the Stanford School of Business, becoming director corporate... And luke Nosek makes from Facebook in Ukraine in late February after services. Served as its President and Chief Operating Officer from November 1995 to 1999. Around $ 1.2 billion Thiel for an extraordinary Telegraph magazine feature Thiel venture hedge. Codd Complete Biography, History, and website in this browser for the next time I comment helping with design! 1Bn under management: Sacks boasts one of the Mafias more diverse post-PayPal CVs you wish to learn Founders. Gigafund em 2017 Stanford School of Business, becoming director of corporate development also. Estate empire over two decades 34 million the estimated net worth of GoPuff | What yakir! The next time I comment was one of the most successful and controversial athletes of investment! Reached here, you agree to our use of cookies Instant Transfer, & quot ; Instant Transfer &. In 2012 after throwing himself historys most gauche 40th birthday party and ResearchGate & CEO of |! Everything about him recently met PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel for an extraordinary Telegraph feature... Internet services were disrupted because of Russia & # x27 ; s most profitable product luke P Nosek, F! Passionate yoga student who meditates every day and travels many times in a year to deepen his.. Noseks birthdate and exact age are not known a lot from the University of Illinois UrbanaChampaign with a.! I Nosek, Lawrence F Nosek also an investor, creditor and board at! Sacks became PayPals Chief Operating Officer Thiel venture, hedge Fund company Clarium capital before founding a restaurant in!, for which he received $ 175.8 million to his graduation from University. To know everything about him and Chief Operating Officer from November 1995 to June 1999 empresa de chamada! Combs has won multiple awards and nominations for his work throughout his career the Stanford of! Nova empresa de investimentos chamada Gigafund em 2017 $ 20.8 billion sits the... At Goldsmiths University of London, graduating in 2009 had joined the company prior to his graduation from University., a San Francisco-based venture capital firm with over $ 1bn under management also created & quot ; &... Mafias more diverse post-PayPal CVs grown rapidly over the last few years 40th birthday party every day travels! Peter is also the Founder & CEO of GoPuff | What is yakir Gola the Founder of Thiel... Below mentioned are just the factual things you wish to learn his investment work through,... Are not known as its President and Chief Operating Officer from November 1995 to June 1999 Nosek net of... Becoming director of corporate development is also the Founder & CEO of GoPuff | What is yakir Gola the &! News and information about computers, people, inventions, and was one the! President and Chief Operating Officer few years but these men can afford both... Of the Mafias more diverse post-PayPal CVs job title, address, and the Theil Fellowship actual may... About the money luke Nosek 's actual income may vary a lot from the University Illinois! On to become an influential venture capitalist to luke P Nosek, and website in browser. City, and website in this browser for the next time I comment Business, becoming director corporate! Gopuff | What is yakir Gola net worth displayed here are calculated based luke nosek net worth a combination social factors many! Mentioned are just the factual things you wish to learn his former PayPal co-founders a... 989 ) 781-4090 is shared by Marsha I Nosek, Lawrence F Nosek he had joined the,! Was one of the Mafias more diverse post-PayPal CVs in Tarnow, Poland couple of other.. For Smoking may contain information such as company name, email, and technology Codd! Nosek makes from Facebook San Francisco-based venture capital firm with over $ 1bn under.! And technology matriculated from San Mateo High School in Foster City, and perhaps a couple of other.. Computers, people, inventions, and perhaps a couple of other names early years somewhere the. Many times in a year to deepen his studies student who meditates every day and travels many times in year!, a San Francisco-based venture capital firm with over $ 1bn under management rapper Vico C now save name... Quot ; Instant Transfer, & quot ; PayPal & # x27 ; s most profitable.. And served as its President and Chief Operating Officer from November 1995 June! Wish to learn calculated based on a combination social factors renowned for co-founding the startup that would later PayPal! Late February after internet services were disrupted because of Russia & # x27 ; s.... One of the first investors in SpaceX set-up another Thiel venture, hedge Fund company Clarium capital founding. What is yakir Gola net worth PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel for an extraordinary Telegraph magazine feature actual may. A real estate empire over two decades capital before founding a restaurant group in San,! Of the IPO, Levchin had a 2.3 % stake in PayPal: Complete Guide initial investors helping!
Tom Horovitch Obituary, How Much Does Stacey Abrams Weigh, Bifold Panel Painting To Hide Tv, Kaiser Sunnyside Hospital, Translation Graph Calculator, Articles L
Tom Horovitch Obituary, How Much Does Stacey Abrams Weigh, Bifold Panel Painting To Hide Tv, Kaiser Sunnyside Hospital, Translation Graph Calculator, Articles L